[رنا 22]

السلام عليكم يوم السبت عندي اختبار فاينل لمادة السيمانتكس وعندي بعض النقاط مو فاهمتها ياليت االلي فاهمها يشرح لي

طبعا الكتاب اللي ادرسه Semantics
A Coursebook


Comment: The word mean, then, can be applied to people who use language, i.e. to
speakers (and authors), in roughly the sense of ‘intend’. And it can be
applied to words and sentences in a different sense, roughly expressed as ‘be
equivalent to’. The first step in working out a theory of what meaning is, is
to recognize this distinction clearly and always to keep in mind whether we
are talking about what speakers mean or what words (or sentences) mean.
The following two definitions encapsulate this essential distinction.



Definition :SPEAKER MEANING is what a speaker means (i.e. intends to convey) when
he uses a piece of language.
SENTENCE MEANING (orWORD MEANING) is what a sentence (or
word) means, i.e. what it counts as the equivalent of in the language concerned.
Comment: The distinction is useful in analysing the various kinds of communication
between people made possible by language.


Definition: A THEORY is a precisely specified, coherent, and economical frame-work of
interdependent statements and definitions, constructed so that as large a
number as possible of particular basic facts can either be seen to follow from
it or be describable in terms of it.


Definition :A REFERRING EXPRESSION is any expression used in an utterance to refer
to something or someone (or a clearly delimited collection of things or
people), i.e. used with a particular referent in mind.


Comment :The same expression can be a referring expression or not (or, as some would
put it, may or may not have a ‘referring interpretation’), depending on the
context. This is true of indefinite noun phrases.



وماني عارفه الفرق بين SENTENCES, UTTERANCES,

وكمان بين REFERENCE AND SENSE

وبين الـ CONSTANT AND VARIABLE