[وردي أحمر]

CH 6

Perception: A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Attribution Theory: An attempt to determine whether an individual’s behavior is internally or externally caused.

Fundamental Attribution Error: The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.

Self-Serving Bias: The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

Selective Perception: People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, and attitudes

Halo Effect: Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Contrast Effects: Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics

Stereotyping: Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs

Self-fulfilling prophecy: a situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person, and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception.

Problem: A perceived discrepancy between the current state of affairs and a desired state

Decisions: Choices made from among alternatives developed from data

Rational: characterized by making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints.

Rational Decision Making model: a decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome.

Bounded Reality: a process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.

Intuitive decision making: an unconscious process creates out of distilled experience.

Anchoring Bias: a tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information.

Confirmation Bias: the tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments.

Availability Bias: the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them.

Escalation of Commitment: an Increased commitment to a pervious decision in spite of negative information.

Randomness Error: the tendency of individuals to believe that they can predict the outcome of random events.

Hindsight Bias: the tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome.

Utilitarianism: a system in which decisions are made to provide the greatest good for the greatest number.

Creativity: The ability to produce novel and useful ideas.

Three Component Model of Creativity: Proposition that individual creativity requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation.