اتوقع هادي التعاريف مهمه ذاكروها
ch6
Perception A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Attribution theory An attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused.
Fundamental attribution error The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.
Decision Choices made from among two or more alternatives.
Problem A discrepancy between the current state of the affairs and some desired state.
Creativity The ability to produce novel and useful ideas
Rational Characterized by making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints
Selective perception The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interest, background, experience, and attitudes.
Contrast effect Evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
Halo effect The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
Intuition:- A non-conscious process created from distilled experience that results in quick decisions
ch9
Groups Are defined as two or more individuals who come together to achieve a set of goals or a certain objective.
Formal groups Defined by the organization’s structure with designated work assignments establishing tasks.
Informal groups an information group that is not part of the organizational structure and appear naturally in response to the need for social contact, Deeply affect behavior and performance
Role A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit
Role Identity Certain attitudes and behaviors consistent with a role
Role Perception An individual’s view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given situation – received by external stimuli
Role Expectations How others believe a person should act in a given situation
Psychological Contract: an unwritten agreement that sets out mutual expectations of management and employees
Role Conflict A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations
Norms Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members
Conformity Gaining acceptance by adjusting one’s behavior to align with the norms of the group
Rank A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others it differentiates group members.
Cohesiveness The degree to which group members want to stay together and are motivated to work together as a group.
ch12
Leadership The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals.
Management Use of authority inherent in designated formal rank to obtain compliance from organizational members.
Trait theory Leadership is inherent, so we must identify the leader based on his or her traits.
Behavioral theory Leadership is a skill set and can be taught to anyone, so we must identify the proper behaviors to teach potential leaders.
Transformational leaders are leaders who Inspire followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers.
Transactional leaders are Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements
Trust A psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another because you have a positive expectation for how things are going to turn out