[simultaneous]

Figurative images: the words are used to describe one thing by comparing it to something else with which we are more familiar. The poet uses figurative language to bring us new experiences, new visions, new ways of looking at the world.


اللغة الرمزية تشتمل على (التشبيه والاستعارة والتشخيص)



Simile: a stated comparison, employing a connective such as "like" or "as".
"My love is like a red, red rose"
(Robert Burn)

اولا: التشبيه وهو تشبيه شيء باخر باستخدام علامات التشبيه مثل as – like وحاطينلكم مثال "My love is like a red, red rose"

هنا زي لما اقول الحب كالوردة الحمراء

Metaphor: an implied comparison, not directly stated with words such as "like" and "as".
In the morning the city
Spreads its wings
Making a song
In stone that sings.
(Langston Hughes)


الاستعارة هي تشبيه شيء بآخر بدون ادوات التشبيه زي لما اقول (الحب وردة حمراء)
وهنا the city Spreads its wings شبهنا المدينة كالطاير (تفرد اجنحتها) بدون ادوات تشبيه



Personification: human qualities are given to an inanimate object, an abstract idea, or a force of nature.

"The Night was creeping on the ground!
She crept and did not make a sound"
(James Stephens)



التشخيص هو استخدام صفه بشرية لشيء غير بشري زي لمن اقول (تحدث النهر الي)
وهنا التشخيص باين بكلمة She لمن تحدث عن ال The Night كان الليلة بنت تشخيص واضح
بالذات لمن استخدم الضمائر الي تشير للاشخاص لشيء غير بشري


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Part B. Sound Patterns

ثانياً عندنا انماط الصوت وهم rhythm and rhyme


Most poems are written to be read aloud, and how they sound is as important as what they mean. Sound patterns consist of two elements: rhythm and rhyme.



Rhythm: the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in language.

Rhythmical pattern in poetry is called meter. The smallest unit of rhythmical pattern is called a foot. Much poetry combines more than one rhythmical pattern to achieve a particular effect.


نسمي النمط الايقاعي meter واصغر وحدة ايقاع foot
القصائد تجمع بين اكثر من نمط ايقاعي عشان تعطينا تاثير مميز


Nursery rhymes tend to have very predictable rhythms. For example, "Mary had a little lamb", "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" (regular trochees; i.e., two syllables with the emphasis on the first)

ايقاعات الاطفال معروفة دائما مثلا مقطعين يشددو الصوت على المقطع الاول Nursery rhymes




When reading poetry to children, we need to be aware of the rhythm pattern(s) a poem contains so that we can gain good effect from our reading.


ثانيا عندنا القافية


Rhyme: the repetition of similar sounds in the two or more words.
وهي تكرار الصوت بواحد ا اكثر من كلمة وله انواع:



End rhyme: the repetition of the ending sounds in two or more lines

هو تكرار الصوت الأخير ببيتين او اكثر . مثال هنا End rhyme

Four – door

One, two,
buckle my shoe;
Three, four,
shut the door;
Five, six,
pick up sticks;

Seven, eight,
lay them straight;
Nine, ten,
a big, fat hen.

Alliteration: the repetition of initial sounds in two or more words

ثانيا عندنا Alliteration وهي تكرار الصوت الاول بكلمتين او اكثر
.مثال هنا تكرار الصوت p

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked.
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,
How many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?


Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds within words.
ال Assonance تكرار الصوت المتحرك بالكلمات نفسها مثل
صوت ال o في

Hickory Dickory Dock,
The mouse ran up the clock,
The clock struck one,
The mouse ran down,
Hickory Dickory Dock!



Consonance: the repetition of consonant sounds within words, often with a variation in adjoining vowels.


Consonance التناغم وهو تكرار صوت ساكن بنفس لكلمات مثل صوت الf هنا

A flea and a fly
Flew up in a flue.
Said the flea, "Let us fly!"
Said the fly, "Let us flee!"
So they flew through a flap in the flue.
منقول