تحديد مادة مقدمه في اللغويات 321 للفصل الصيفي 1431هـ

[ال الشيخ]

بندأ بالسادس

الدرس السادس مهم

6 Words and word-formation processes

Etymology
The study of the origin and history of a word is known as its etymology,

Coinage
invention of totally newterms
zipper;
kleenex,


Borrowing
taking over of words from other languages
croissant (French),
piano
(Italian)
sofa (Arabic

Compounding
a joining of two
separate words to produce a single form.
fingerprint, sunburn, textbook

Blending
The combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term
smoke and fog, we can use the
word smog

Clipping
when a word of more than one
syllable (facsimile) is reduced to a shorter form(fax)

Backformation
word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of
another type (usually a verb). A good example of backformation is the process
whereby the noun television first came into use and then the verb televise

Conversion
A change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be
used as a verb (without any reduction),
bottle, butter, chair and vacation

Acronyms
Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words.
These can be forms such as CD (‘compact disk’) or VCR (‘video cassette
recorder’)

Derivation
unhappy, misrepresent, prejudge, joyful,
careless, boyish, terrorism and sadness.

Prefixes and suffixes
These are called
prefixes. Other affixes have to be added to the end of the word (e.g. -ish) and
are called suffixes

[ال الشيخ]

التحديد كما هو ودعواتكم للدكتور محمد فوزي
1 The origins of language
The divine source
God created Adam and “whatsoever Adam called every
living creature, that was the name thereof”

The natural sound source
The suggestion is that primitive words could have been imitations
of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around themsplash, bang, boom, rattle, buzz, hiss, screech, and forms such as bow-wow. In
fact, this type of view has been called the ‘bow-wow’ theory of language origin.
While it is true that a number of words in any language are onomatopoeic
(echoing natural sounds)

The physical adaptation source
physical features
speech production.

The physical adaptation source
Human teeth are upright

The human brain
organizing all these more complex

انتهى الدرس الاول

Animals and human language 2
Communicative and informative signals
communicative signals
informative signals

Displacement
This property of human language is
called displacement. It allows language users to talk about things and events not
present in the immediate environment.

Arbitrariness
It is generally the case that there is no ‘natural’ connection between a linguistic
form and its meaning. The connection is quite arbitrary. We can’t just look at
the Arabic word and, from its shape, for example, determine that it has a
natural and obvious meaning any more than we can with its English translation
form dog.
This aspect of the relationship
between linguistic signs and objects in the world is described as arbitrariness.

Productivity
بس اعرف الموضوع

Cultural transmission
This process whereby a language is passed on from one generation to the next
is described as cultural transmission. It is clear that humans are born with some
kind of predisposition to acquire language in a general sense.

Duality
Human language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. This property
is called duality (or ‘double articulation’). In speech production, we have
a physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b and i. As
individual sounds, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. In a
particular combination such as bin, we have another level producing a meaning
that is different from the meaning of the combination in nib

انتهى الدرس الثاني
الدرس الثالث محذوف ولي عوده مع الرابع ان شاء الله وهو مهم جدا جداجدا
لا تنسونا من دعائكم

[ال الشيخ]

المطلوب من الشباتر
1-2-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-18

[ال الشيخ]

4 The sounds of language
مهم جدا جداجدا 30درجه اقل شي
Phonetics
articulatory phonetics, which is the study of how
speech sounds are made, or ‘articulated’. Other areas of study are acoustic
phonetics, which deals with the physical properties of speech as sound waves

Voiced and voiceless sounds
1 When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between
them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless.
2 When the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly
pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds
produced in this way are described as voiced.
The distinction can be felt physically if you place a fingertip gently on the top
of your ‘Adam’s apple’ (i.e. that part of your larynx you can feel in your neck
below your chin), then produce sounds such as Z-Z-Z-Z or V-V-V-V. Because
these are voiced sounds, you should be able to feel some vibration. Keeping
your fingertip in the same position, now make the sounds S-S-S-S or F-F-F-F.
Because these are voiceless sounds, there should be no vibration. Another trick
is to put a finger in each ear, not too far, and produce the voiced sounds (e.g.
Z-Z-Z-Z) to hear and feel some vibration, whereas no vibration will be heard
or felt if you make voiceless sounds (e.g. S-S-S-S) in the same way.

Place of articulation
والرسمه تقراها

Bilabials
These are sounds formed using both (= bi) upper and lower lips (= labia).
The initial sounds in the words pat, bat and mat are all bilabials. They are
represented by the symbols [p], which is voiceless, and [b] and [m], which are
voiced.We can also describe the [w] sound found at the beginning of way, walk
and world as a bilabial.

Labiodentals
These are sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. The initial
sounds of the words fat and vat and the final sounds in the words safe and save
are labiodentals. They are represented by the symbols [f], which is voiceless,
and [v], which is voiced. Notice that the final sound in the word cough, and
the initial sound in photo, despite the spelling differences, are both pronounced
as [f].

Dentals
كامل

Alveolars
كامل

Palatals
كامل

Velars
كامل

Glottals
كامل

الجدول صفحة 34 هو الزبده حفظ

Vowels
قراءه
والمهم الحوف اللي اخر الصفحه مع امثلتها عيت تجي معاي في اللصق بس بحددها
من اليسار اول اثنين وقبل الاخيره الثنتين اللي فيها above ban eat hit
من اليمين اللي فيها move put cow
الامثل مهمه جدا جدا في كل درس حفظ صم
انتهى الدرس الرابع

لا تنسونا من دعواتكم بالتوفيق في امتحانات الصيف وبلوغنا رمضان ولا ازعل وابطل

[ال الشيخ]

يوجد ثلاث مواضيع وثلاث تعريفات
5 The sound patterns of language

Phonology
Phonology is essentially the deion of the systems and patterns of speech
sounds in a language.

Phonemes
meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language

Phones and allophones
versions of one phoneme
انتهى الدرس الخامس
دعواتكم لي ولوالدي

[طموح العلم]

جعل الله ذلك في ميزان حسناتك ورزقك انت ووالديك الجنة

[SALEH NNN]

اخي ال الشيخ
جزاك الله خيرا ويسر لك امورك كلها

اللهم احفظ الدكتور محمد فوزي وبارك له في اهله وماله

(( اوصي اخواني الطلاب بحضور الدورات التأهيلية عند هذا الدكتور فو الله

لقد استفدنا كثيرا من هذه الدورة و عرفنا الكثير عن اللغويات ))

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اسف على التاخير
الدرس السابع تعريف كتبه لنا الدكتور
7 Morphology


Morphology
is a sub brunch and linguistics which is concered with the struture and words

انتهى الدرس السابع

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الدرس الثامن

8 Phrases and sentences: grammar

Grammar
∗boys the lucky ∗lucky boys the
(We use an asterisk ∗ to indicate that a form is unacceptable or ungrammatical.)

انتهى الدرس الثامن

[ال الشيخ]

الدرس التاسع

9 Syntax
تعريف من الدكتور
is asub brunch and linguistics wich is concered with the structure and sentences

Generative grammar
Noam Chomsky


Structural ambiguity

انتهى الدرس التاسع