مقدمة في الادب - مس رشا .. تأشير الفصل التاسع (ملخص)

[Reem-]

هذا عمل وحده من البنات دعواتكم لها وليا.. لا تعتمدون عليه .. ارجعوا للمصدر
ان شاء الله مايكون فيه أخطاء
Chapter V : John Milton and his time :
* It's generally agreed that the English poet second after Shakespeare is John Milton (1608-1674) .
* John Milton influenced the Victorian Age (1837-1901) and Romanticism Movement(1820-1900) .
* It's convenient to consider his works in three divisions. At first he wrote his shorter poems at Horton. Next he wrote mainly prose. His three greatest poems belong to the last group.
* John Milton works divided into three categories : 1-Shorter poems 2-Prose ( mainly concerned with church affairs, divorce, and freedom) 3-Greater poems .
* Among Milton's other sonnets, he wrote one on his own blindness.
* 1652 famous sonnets are : Sonnet 18 "Shakespeare" _ On His Blindness "Milton".
* The English civil war between Charles I and Parliament (Cromwell supporters of the church) began in 1642 & lasted until 1646 ; it was followed by the second civil war 1648-51.
* During 1642-51 Milton worked hard at his pamphlets, supported Cromwell, and became a minister of the government.
* John Milton's eyesight began to fail, and by 1651 he was totally blind.
* He became unpopular when Charles IIwas made king (1660), but it was from this time onwards that he wrote his three greatest works .
* The great epic poem (Paradise Lost) was planned in ten books, but written in twelve. The scene is the whole universe, including Heavenand Hell. Milton's spending voice can be heard here at its best, in the great blank verse. Strengthened by his immense learning and ornamented .
* Paradise Lost contains hundreds of remarkable thoughts put into musical verse .
* The greatest lyrical epic poem "paradise Lost" (1667) - written in 12 books in blank verse - about a scene of the whole universe including Heaven and Hell.It contains hundreds of remarkable thoughts put into musical verse .
* Paradise Regained is more severe, less splendid than Paradise lost, yet occasionally it also shows the same use of names. These call up rich images for the reader to whom they are familiar, and add to the power and beauty of the sound.
* Milton towers above all other poets of the time, several lyric-writers have left us sweet songs.
* Richard Lovelace wrote To Althea, from Prison.
* Robert Herrickwas considered by the men of his own time to be the best living lyric poet.
* The closing of the theatres in 1642 meant that no important drama was produced in the years before 1660

Chapter VIII : English Poets, 1660_1798 :
(Age of Dryden)
* Most of Dryden'spoetry chiefly satire and translations is written in his excellent rhymed couplets.
* Dryden's splendid command of the heroic couplet helped him to write biting satires. This kind of scorn, together with the polished and forceful verse. Has seldom been bettered by others .
* He wrote biting satires using the heroic coupletand excellent rhyming couplets.
* Heroic Couplet: a pair of lines in iambic pentameter that rhymes.
* Heroic Coupletbecame the dominant poetic form of the 18th century .
* John Dryden (1631_1700) : Influential English poet, literary critic, and translator who dominated the Restoration Era(Age of Dryden).
* Most of Dryden's early writings was for theatre – showed interest philosophicaland political questions.
* What Dryden achieved in his poetry was neither the emotional excitement that we find in the romantic poets of the early 19th century, nor the intellectual complexitiesof the physical poets .
* Dryden's subject-matters were : 1- Factual /2- Aiming at expressing his thoughts in the most precise and concentrated way possible .
(Age of Pope)
* Alexander Pope (1688-1744), a follower of Dryden in verse but not in drama, used the couplet as a smooth but steely tool.
* Pope's delightful poem The Rape of the Lock (1712): satirizes a quarrel by comparing it to the epic world of the gods.
* The Rape of the Lock, based on an incident between Arabella Fermor and her suitor, Lord Petre . Lusting after Arabella, he cuts off a lock of her hair without permission, and the consequent argument creates a break between the two families and had quarreled violently . Pope wrote the poem at the request of friends in an attempt to "comically merge the two". Pope tried to end the quarreled by writing this 'heroic' poem, describing the event in detail, but only made the quarrel worse.
* Parodic version of the gods and goddesses of conventional epic.
__________________________________________________ ______

* The eighteenth century is often called by The Age of Reason. also known as The Age of Enlightenment
* The Age of Enlightenment : a term used to describe a phase in western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source and basis of authority.
* Source of critical ideas: Centrality of freedom, democracy, and reason "primary values of society" .
* In the 18th century, order was important in men's thoughts, and the comfortable town was usually preferred to the wild mountains.
Or
* Poets wrote in heroic couplet suited to verse based on reason, order, and men's thoughts.
* In the 18th century, the heroic coupletis well suited to verse based on reasoning, but it must not be thought that there was no other sort of poetry. a return to thoughts about nature and more lyrical subjects began early.
* Thinkers and writers were held to be free to pursue the truth in any form, the Romanticism movement ( 2nd half of the 18th century ) argued that the Enlightenment elevated reason to the unnecessary status of a new authority.
* Romanticism : is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement. It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.
* A group of poets who turned away from the bright tea-table chose death for their subject. They are sometimes known as the churchyard school of poets.Edward young was one of them.
* Edward young's Night Thoughts, written in good blank verse, was at one time very popular. Its subjects are life, death, the future world, and God. It's unequal, dark, and filled with strange imaginations.
* Robert Blairwas another of this school, and he also used blank verse in his poem The Grave.
* Thomas Gray was a greater poet than these. His Elegy written in a Country Churchyard(1750). One of the most beautiful and famous of English poems, describes his thoughts as he looks at the graves of country people buried near the church .
* Graveyard Poets: Pre-Romantic English poets of the 18th century known for their gloomy portrayal of mortality, in the con of the graveyard. Subjects : life, death, the future world, and God. Deions : dark, sad, andfilled with strange imaginations.
* William Blake (1757-1827), English poet and an artist "painter", illustrated the works of Young, Blair, Gray and others. Much of his poetry has hidden meanings that are hard to understand.
* William Blake didn't believe in the reality of matter, or in the power of earthly rules, or in punishment after death.
* William Blake best works include Songs of Innocence (1787) and Songs of Experience(1794).
* Songs of Experience, is darker and heavier than Songs of Innocence ; But it does contain some good poems.
* William Blake, was largely unrecognized during his lifetime, Blake's work is now considered influential in the history of both poetry and the visual arts.
* William Blakeis considered mad for his personal views by contemporaries, later criticism regards Blake highly for his expressiveness, creativity, the philosophical, and mystical ideas within his work.
* Blake'spoetryhas been characterized as part of both the Romantic movement and"Pre-Romantic", for its largely having appeared in the 18th century . He was respectful of the bible, but hostile to the Church of England.

Eras

Periods

Notes

Old English

(600_1100)

Middle English

(1100_1500)

Elizabethan Era

(1558_1603)

Renaissance

Jacobean Era

(1603_1625)

Caroline Era

(1625_1642)

English Civil War

(1642_1651)

English Interregnum

(1651_1660)

Restoration Era

(1660_1714)

Age of reason

Georgian Era

(1714_1830)

Victorian Era

(1837_1901)

Romanticism