بنات السوسيو

[no one]

comparing stable variation to change in progress

stable variation >> (old) it is when the two form co-exist in the community for a long time,, e.g. ing and in variables

change in progress variation >> (new) it is when a variation is used by few people ,, it's a new form that is adpted by a certain group in the community for example, by students
{iغe.g. {kansel} vs. {al

an example for creoles

simply the kalaja form we have in our society,, found in the forign working class
good luck

[no one]

also if you took a look at the slids, you'll find three exaples

:the last point of the last slid about pidgins and creoles,, it says

other well-ed arabic-based pidgens annnnd creoles such as

juba arabic
nubi arabic
turku arabic

in arabic-speaking afr

the last line i have no idea what it means!!!

[نيموو]

no one

thank u soooooo much .. hope u get the full mark

[بسوم]

hi girls ..

i couldn't find any thing about language shift in the book

if any one knows please tell me where

[no one]

you'r sooo more than welcomed nemo dear ,, hope u get the full mark too


as for the language shift thing

you won't find it in the book ,, you just have to work what you have in the slids and what you wrote in the lecture,, of course you should note that language shift could be (but not always, of course) the beginning of language death ,,

hope it helped ,,

good luck gurlz
always remember to study well and then depend on allah to help you through the way

[بسوم]

thanks babe ..

الله يوفق الجميــــع

[ESC]

يا لهوي باقي سويعات ع الاختبار .. =(
يارب يا كريم سهل علينا و يسر لنا

[نص دافوره]

فووووق الاختبااار قرررب

وبناات 9 يااليت بعد ماتختبروا تنزلوا الاسئله هنااا

والله يوفقكم ويرضي خااطركم بالدرجات اللي تتمننوها

[ابغى اتخرج وبسس]

يا بنات يا حلوين اللي اخذوا المادة قبل يقولوا لنا ايش اسئلة الاسي الي جاتهم بالله ضروري تكتبوها لنااااا بليييييييييييز

[nice mind]

السلامو عليكم ياحلوات ودي اقولكم وشلونك وش اخباركم وش مسوييين مع المزاكره <=---هلوسه الاختبارات المهم <=--- اخلصي علينا عندي لكم الاسئله الي جاتهم بالنهائي من الجزء الخير New Part .
.
Language and social class
Sociolect (or social dialect): a socially distinct variety.


Regional dialect boundaries coincide with geographical barriers, mountains, swamps, rivers, e.g. ‘house’ [hu:s] north of the river Humber vs. [haus] (diphthong) south of the river.
Social stratification
Social stratification: is any hierarchical (ranking) ordering of groups within a society in terms of power, wealth and status.
Social mobility is possible. Social mobility is the movement up or down the social hierarchy.

Sociolinguistic studies showed how RP, and the intermediate and the most localized accents are related to social class.
Differences are due to the influence of substratum varieties, languages spoken before they become speakers of New York English. Yiddish or Italia accent of the first generation would lead to hypercorrection of foreign features by the second generation. The use of high vowels in ‘bad’, ‘bag’ by Italians because their fathers used more open vowel than the English sound.
Language and social networks
Linguistic variation can be analyzed in terms of social networks: is the grouping of people based on the frequency and quality of interaction.
.
The diffusion of Linguistic change happens fast and efficiently along horizontal channels (within one age and a social group). On the other hand vertical channels (across generation, social classes) are comparatively slow and inefficient with regard to the transmission of a linguistic innovation.
A loose network based on uniplex ties is going to be more open to the introduction and transmission of innovations than dense networks where members share multiplex ties through several (not single) relationships.
Symmetrical T usage to show intimacy or solidarity (strong common interest).
Brown and Levinson (1987) define face as “the public self image that every member wants to claim for himself”

وثاني شي هل نذاكر من الاوراق ولا الكتاب <=--- وهذا الشي الي مانويت اسويه بس سؤال <=--- وشوله القافه
وسووو دعاء انتي وياه لاقرين الاسئله ادعن لي تفهمووون <=--- تبي تطاق يالله سلالالالالالالالالالالالامون