اللغويات الإجتماعية lane422 مراجعة و اسئلة المناطق

abhawi666 · 06-05-2016, 04:03 PM

Chapter 4
Language and Sex
- As yet another aspect of linguistic differentiation.
- **Two linguistic phenomena related to Language and Sex.

abhawi666 · 06-05-2016, 04:04 PM

Chapter 5
Language and Context
- The totality of linguistic varieties used in different situations for different purposes by a particular community or a particular speaker is called that community’s, or the speaker’s linguistic or verbal repertoire.
- Many social factors can come into play in controlling which variety from the speaker’s linguistic repertoire is actually to be used on a particular occasion.

Register
- Is a style level in a language. When we speak we automatically locate ourselves on a specific stylistic level.
- A register can also mean a specialized variety of language.
- Registers are usually characterized almost entirely by vocabulary differences, either by using particular words or by using words in a particular sense.
- One of the aims of education is to introduce students to the registers (or terminologies) of particular subjects.
- Registers are an example of particular kind of language being produced by a particular kind of social context.
- Many other factors connected with the social context in which language is being used will also have a linguistic effect. One of the most important of these is formality.
Formality
- Formality subsumes very many factors including situation, social formality, kinship-relationship, politeness, seriousness, and so on.
- Most people have a good idea of the relative formality and informality of particular linguistic variants in their own language.
- Varieties of language which differ from one another in this way are called styles.

abhawi666 · 06-05-2016, 04:06 PM

Chapter 6
Language and Social Interaction
Social Interaction
- The way in which language is used in conversations is an important part of sociolinguistics.
- Language can be used for manipulating relationships and achieving particular goals.**
- Code-switching is presumably a subconscious linguistic behavior, and it has the effect of making the conversation more intimate and/or confidential.
- It also enables speakers to signal two identities at once.
- The selection of one code over another seems to depend on the topic of discussion.
- Children learn the rules of conversation, along with the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.
- Have rules about the way in which language should be used in social interaction.
- These rules may vary widely between one societies an another.
All societies
- Differences in communicative rules between cultures can often lead, in cross-cultural communication, to misunderstanding and even hostility.
- The study of these rules, and of cross-cultural differences in communicative norms generally, is often known as the ethnography of speaking.
Interestingly.
- The American sociolinguist Deborah Tannen has suggested that communication between men and women can be regarded as cross-cultural communication, which maybe subject for misunderstanding.
- She suggested that men and women often fail to understand one another properly, and that such misunderstandings can lead to friction and tension in relationships.
Directness / Indirectness
- One aspect of communication that may cause problems of miscommunication is directness and indirectness .
- The relationship between direct questions, for example, can be particularly threatening, and in many English- speaking societies some direct questions are hardly ever asked, such as: How much money do you earn? Are you married? How old are you? Etc.
- Indirectness then may be an important strategy if one is to spare themselves and others the embarrassment.