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[وردي أحمر]

CH 12

Leadership: The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals.

Trait Theories of Leadership : Theories that consider personality, social, physical, or intellectual traits to differentiate leaders from nonleaders.

Behavioral Theories of Leadership : Theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from nonleaders.

Initiating structure: the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of subordinates in the search for goal attainment.

Consideration: the extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinates’ ideas, and regard for their feelings.

Employee-oriented leader: a leader who emphasizes interpersonal relations, takes a personal interest in the needs of employees, and accepts individual differences among members.

Production-oriented leader: a leader who emphasizes technical or task aspects of job.

Fiedler contingency model: the theory that effective group depend on a proper match between leader’s style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the
situation gives the leader control and influence to the leader.

least preferred coworker ( LPC ): an instrument that purports to measure whether a person is task or relationship oriented.

Situational Leadership Theory ( SLT ): a contingency theory that focuses on followers’ readiness.

Path-Goal Theory: a theory that states that it is the leader’s job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization.


Leader-Participation Model: a leadership theory that provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different situations.

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory: a theory that supports leaders’ creation of in-groups and out-groups؛ subordinates with in-group status will have higher performance ratings, less turnover, and greater job satisfaction.

Charismatic Leadership theory: a leadership theory that states that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors.

Vision: a long-term strategy for attaining a goal or goals.

Vision statement: a formal articulation of an organization’s vision or mission.

Transactional leaders: leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying.

Transformational leaders: leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers.

CH 13

Power: The capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes.

Dependency: B’s relationship to A when A possesses something that B requires.

Personal Power: influence derived from an individual’s characteristics.

Power Tactics: Ways in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions.

Political skill: the ability to influence others in such a way as to enhance one’s objectives.

Sexual Harassment: Any unwanted activity of a sexual nature that affects an individual’s employment and creates a hostile work environment.

Political Behavior: Activities that are not required as part of one’s formal role in the organization, but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages or disadvantages within the organization.

Defensive Behaviors: reactive and protective behaviors to avoid action, blame, or change.

Impression Management (IM) : The process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them.

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