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Using Whose
Whose is used to show possession. It has the same meaning as other possessive adjectives such as his, hers, its, their, etc.
--There's the man whose house we bought.
--I have a book whose story is fascinating.
Whose modifies people but can also be used with things.
You should learn how to combine short sentences using whose:
--The woman is a talented artist. I saw her paintings.
-- The woman whose paintings I saw is a talented artist.

The Relative Pronouns Who/Which/That
Who, which and that are relative pronouns. They are usually used in dependent clauses introduced by a main clause:
--I tipped the waiter who (that) served us.
--We thanked the people who (that) helped us.
Note that in the above two examples who and that are substituted for one another. Even though who is more grammatically correct than that in reference to a person or persons, that is heard often in speech.
Who is used only for people. That can be used to refer to a person or thing. Which is used only for things:
--The car, which we rented, doesn't work
The Relative Pronouns Whom/Which/That
Follow the same rules for using who(m), which, and that, as you do with other relative pronouns. The only difference is that now these pronouns are functioning as objects:
--The movie that we saw last night was terrible.
--The movie, which we saw last night, was terrible.
For people, you will use either who or whom. Who is usually used instead of whom in colloquial speech, even though it is technically incorrect:
--The person who they saw was sick. (informal)
--The person whom they saw was sick. (formal)
--There's the driver who the police arrested. (informal)
--There's the driver whom the police arrested. (formal)

Special Verbs
Expectation and Should
In a previous section, you learned how should can be used to express advisability:
--The front desk clerk should give us a discount.
Another way should can be used is in expressions of expectation:
--They have been working hard. They should do well.
(In this example, should means will probably.)
The past form (should have) means that the speaker expected something that did not happen:
--I haven't heard anything from them. They should have called by now.
Expressing Necessity:
Must/Have To/Have Got To
Must and have to both express necessity:
--You must fill out this form.
--You have to pick up Mr. Roberts.
In some situations, must is more urgent or stronger than have to:
--You must be here for your appointment on time. I have a busy schedule today.
--You have to take another course next year.
The expression have got to is similar in meaning to must and have to but is reserved for spoken English:
--I have got to study more. (i.e., I must study more.)

Using May and Might
Two other important modal verbs are may and might. The two are used interchangeably in standard American English to express probability or possibility:
--You may be wrong.
--You might be wrong.
--The attorney might be late.
--The attorney may be late.
The past form is expressed as follows:
modal (may/might) + have + past participle
--I may/might have left my glasses in the restaurant.
NOTE: Must can also be used to express probability:
--The plane must be leaving now.

Progressive Forms of May and Might
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MAY AND MIGHT ARE FORMED BY ADDING HAVE BEEN + THE -ING FORM OF THE MAIN VERB.
--I didn't see them at the hotel. They may have been having dinner.
--The mail didn't arrive on time. The mailman might have been having trouble with his car.
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MAY AND MIGHT ARE FORMED BY ADDING BE + THE -ING FORM OF THE MAIN VERB.
--We may be calling you in the morning.
--They might be visiting the U.S. this time next year.

NOTE: When must means necessity, the past form is had to. When it means probability, the past is must have + past participle.

The Past Form of Should
To form the past of should simply add have + past participle:
--I missed my plane this morning. I should have left earlier.
--I can't find a hotel room. I should have made a reservation.
The past form of should conveys the notion of a failure or omission. Note that the customary pronunciation of should have is should've or shouda. The negative form is should not have, pronounced in colloquial English as shouldn't've or shouldn't'a.

Paying For Things
When paying for things in the U.S., you will be quoted a price in dollars ($) and cents (¢). Sometimes the words dollar and cents are used, but more often you will hear:
--How much is it?
-- $29.95 (Twenty-nine ninety-five)
OR: (Twenty-nine dollars and ninety-five cents)
--What does it cost?
--$100.00*
(One hundred dollars)
*NOTE: Usually, when the price is an even amount -- dollars and no cents -- the word dollars is kept.

Sense Verbs (To Taste, Feel, Smell)
Verbs related to the senses (to taste, feel, and smell) are treated somewhat differently in terms of modifiers. Instead of an adverb, use the equivalent adjective to describe how something tastes, feels, or smells:
--These flowers smell good. (not well)
--I feel bad. (not badly, although you will hear this)
--My salad tastes good. (not well)
NOTE: Adjectives are used because attention is being drawn to the quality of the noun or pronoun subject, not to the verb. If you said She smells well instead of She smells good, you would be emphasizing her ability to smell something, not how she smells.
Using Could
Could is used in two ways in English:
1.) Past ability:
--I can speak English now. I couldn't when I was a child.
2.) Polite questions:
--Could I borrow your car?
--Could you speak slower?
--Could we check out later?
Note that could is the simple past form of the verb can. The negative form of it is couldn't (could not).
Using Should
One of the meanings of the modal auxiliary should is advisability:
--You should leave right now.
--They should fill out this form.
You can also express the same idea using either ought to or had better:
--You ought to leave right now.
(You had better leave....)
--They ought to fill out this form.
(They had better fill out....)
Should and ought to both mean that something is a good idea. Had better is usually stronger, implying a warning of bad consequences.
The negative of should is shouldn't. Ought to is not usually used in the negative. Often you will hear people pronounce ought to as otta.

Using Would
The modal auxiliary would is used in three different cons:
1. EXPRESSING PREFERENCE:
--I would rather visit Los Angeles. (I'd rather... )
(Would rather means prefer.)
2. EXPRESSING REPEATED ACTION IN THE PAST:
--When she was alive, Aunt Stephanie would visit the West Coast.
(Would is used with regularly repeated actions in the past.)
3. POLITE REQUESTS
--I would appreciate hearing from you soon.
(Would is frequently used with polite requests.)
When used to express a repeated action in the past, would often takes the place of used to:
--When they were students, they would go skiing every winter.
ALSO:
--When they were students, they used to go skiing every winter.
However, when used to refers to a situation that existed (but was not necessarily repeated) in the past, would may not serve as a replacement:
--Aunt Stephanie used to live in Chicago.
NOT:
--Aunt Stephanie would live in Chicago.
Would can also be used in conditional sentences:
--If I had more time, I would read the instructions carefully.

Verbs Followed by Infinitives
Here is list of common verbs that are usually followed immediately by an infinitive:

hope offer seem
agree forget appear
remember expect want
promise decide need
ask refuse
Examples:
--She hopes to leave soon.
--They want to buy a car.
Verbs that are followed by a pronoun (or noun) + infinitive are:

tell warn force
remind permit order
advise allow expect
encourage require want
NOTE: The negative form of a verb followed by an infinitive follows:
--He asked them not to smoke.
(Note that the not comes before the infinitive.)