سوال بسيط لو تكرمتو.. Bioc201

[wael]

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

شباب ابغى منكم مساعدتكم فبعض الاسئلة عن التركيب الحمضي لبعض الببتيدات :
_Enkephalis
_Growth hormon
_Gltathione
_Oxytin

ارجو منكم المساعدة ...

[wael]

امكن سوالي غير واضح اقصد فيه اتباع قاعدة
h2ncc-ncc...-nccooh
ala. Gly...
بصراحة مني عارف كيف اوصل لدي التراكيب
ارجو احد يساعدني.. ولكي جزيل الشكر

[بيو كيميائية ^_^]

مافهمت السؤال عدل

ممكن توضح أكثر

[wael]

امكن الصوره توضح طلبي اكثر

[بيو كيميائية ^_^]

أنت تقصد

إذا جمعنا أحماض أمينية مع بعض ايش يعطينا صح

[R-Kh]

Gltathione


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Enkephalis

An enkephalin is a pentapeptide involved in regulating nociception in the body. The enkephalins are termed endogenous ligands, or specifically endorphins, as they are internally derived and bind to the body's opioid receptors. Discovered in 1975, two forms of enkephalin were revealed, one containing leucine ("leu"), and the other containing methionine ("met"). Both are products of the proenkephalin gene. Met-enkephalin is Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met. Leu-enkephalin has Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu

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Groth Hormone

Growth hormone (GH) is a protein-based poly-peptide hormone. It stimulates growth and cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. It is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide hormone that is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland. Somatotropin refers to the growth hormone produced natively and naturally in animals, whereas the term somatropin refers to growth hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology,[1] and is abbreviated "rhGH" in humans. Growth hormone is used clinically to treat children's growth disorders and adult growth hormone deficiency. In recent years, replacement therapies with human growth hormones (hGH) have become popular in the battle against aging and weight management. Reported effects on GH deficient patients (but not on healthy people) include decreased body fat, increased muscle mass, increased bone density, increased energy levels, improved skin tone and ure, increased sexual function and improved immune system function. At this time hGH is still considered a very complex hormone and many of its functions are still unknown.[2] In its role as an anabolic agent, HGH has been used by competitors in sports since the 1970s, and it has been banned by the IOC and NCAA. Traditional urine analysis could not detect doping with hGH, so the ban was unenforceable until the early 2000s, when blood tests that could distinguish between natural and artificial hGH were starting to be developed. Blood tests conducted by WADA at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece primarily targeted hGH

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[R-Kh]

The major isoform of the human growth hormone is a protein of 191 amino acids and a molecular weight of 22,124 daltons. The structure includes four helices necessary for functional interaction with the GH receptor. It appears that, in structure, GH is evolutionarily homologous to prolactin and chorionic somatomammotropin. Despite marked structural similarities between growth hormone from different species, only human and primate growth hormones have significant effects in humans.

Several molecular isoforms of GH circulate in the plasma. A percentage of the growth hormone in the circulation is bound to a protein (growth hormone-binding protein, GHBP) which is the truncated part of the growth hormone receptor, and an acid labile subunit (ALS).

[R-Kh]

Glutathione is not an essential nutrient since it can be synthesized from the amino acids L-cysteine, L-glutamic acid and glycine. The sulfhydryl (thiol) group (SH) of cysteine serves as a proton donor and is responsible for the biological activity of glutathione. Provision of this amino acid is the rate-limiting factor in glutathione synthesis by the cells since cysteine is relatively rare in foodstuffs. Furthermore, if released as the free amino acid, cysteine is toxic and spontaneously catabolized in the gastrointestinal tract and blood plasma.[4]

Glutathione is synthesized in two adenosine triphosphate-dependent steps:

First, gamma-glutamylcysteine is synthesized from L-glutamate and cysteine via the enzyme gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (a.k.a. glutamate cysteine ligase, GCL). This reaction is the rate-limiting step in glutathione synthesis.
Second, glycine is added to the C-terminal of gamma-glutamylcysteine via the enzyme glutathione synthetase.
Animal and insect glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is a heterodimeric enzyme composed of a catalytic (GCLC) and modulatory (GCLM) subunit. GCLC constitutes all the enzymatic activity, whereas GCLM increases the catalytic efficiency of GCLC. Mice lacking GCLC (i.e., all de novo GSH synthesis) die before birth.[5] Mice lacking GCLM demonstrate no outward phenotype, but exhibit marked decrease in GSH and increased sensitivity to toxic insults.[6][7][8]

While all cells in the human body are capable of synthesizing glutathione, liver glutathione synthesis has been shown to be essential. Following birth, mice with genetically-induced loss of GCLC (i.e., GSH synthesis) only in the liver die within 1 month of birth.[9]

The plant glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is a redox sensitive homodimeric enzyme, conserved in the plant kingdom.[10] In an oxidizing environment intermolecular disulfide bridges are formed and the enzyme switches to the dimeric active state. The mid-point potential of the critical cysteine paire is - 318 mV. In addition to the redox dependent control is the plant GCL enzyme feedback inhibited by GSH.[11] GCL is exclusively located in plastids and glutathione synthetase is dual-targeted to plastids and cytosol, thus are GSH and gamma-glutamylcysteine exported from the plastids.[12] Both glutathione biosynthesis enzymes are essential in plants, knock-outs of GCL and GS are embryo and seedling lethal.[13]

The biosynthesis pathway for glutathione is found in some bacteria, like cyanobacteria and proteobacteria, but is missing in many other bacteria. Most eukaryotes synthesize glutathione, including humans, but some do not, such as Leguminosae, Entamoeba, and Giardia. The only archaea that make glutathione are halobacteria

[wael]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة بيو كيميائية ^_^ أنت تقصد إذا جمعنا أحماض أمينية مع بعض ايش يعطينا صح

ايوا بس انا ابغا حق هرمون النمو

[wael]

يعطي الف عافية بس هرمون النمو ايش التركيب حقو



Groth Hormone