ماده اللغويات تكفون ابي هالملخص ندا ام حمدان

[العلم نور والجهل ظلام]

السلام عليكم ابي مساعدتكم كثير ملخصات هنا ومختلفه ابي ملخص هذاااااا

The General Conceptual Goals are listed below:

1. Every language is enormously complex and the difference between human and animal languages is huge.
2. Despite this enormous complexity, every language is systematic and structurally governed, often in ways that are hidden (or implicit) and surprising.
3. Not only is language systematic but also systematic in many levels, from the system of sounds to the organization of discourse.
4. This systematic nature is sometimes hard to see, for at least two reasons:
   1. the very complexity of language obscures the patterns and regularities; and
   2. in actual speech, there are hesitations, errors, changes in midstream, interruptions, confusions and misunderstandings.
5. Language varies systematically from person to person, group to group, area to area and situation to situation. Variation occurs at every level of structure, and speakers are not conscious of most of these variations.
6. There are a number of Universal Properties of languages. These are the characteristics which are shared by all languages of which arbitrariness, displacement, creativity, and duality are some of them.
7. It is not easy for speakers of a language to reflect on their speech. We are not aware of great many complex rules because we use them naturally and subconsciously; just not knowing the physical principles that govern ball throwing or bicycle riding.
8. People’s attitudes about their languages or their speech and other people’s are very different from them, and are based on nonlinguistic factors.
9. Children acquisition of their first language comes as a result of what they hear because they are not taught it.
10. Linguists gives account of language at many more levels in many fields. Some of what are: Computational and Historical Linguistics.

11. Summary and Conclusion to Unit 1:
12. The above unit I has been a presentation of the main subjects of this course. Among many significant points about the main objective has been that this course is not to teach students how to speak or write better. It rather teaches them the fundamental scientific analysis and techniques of language mechanisms.

13. 13The Conceptual Goals have been presented which thought most essential, keeping in mind universal properties of languages, variations among them and the speakers, children acquisition of languages and the various linguistic fields’ levels at which language is accounted

What is Language?

Introduction and Objectives:
Introduction To Unit 2:
This unit discusses the questions about language: what is it and how does it function? It also discusses the relation between language and culture and provides the various definitions of language.
Objectives Of Unit 2:
The main objectives of this unit are:

1. to acquaint students with the phenomenon of language as being not natural;
2. to draw their attention to the fact that society depends on language as the essential phenomenon for communication;
3. to provide the basic understanding between language and human culture;
4. to provide basic definitions of the term “language”;
5. to look at the relation between language and grammar

Unit 2:

Language is Essential to Human Culture:
We all speak and use language – but how much do we know about language, what is it and how it functions? We tend to take it for granted rather like the environment which surrounds us – the atmosphere, the force of gravity and other natural phenomena.
Language, however, is not a natural phenomenon; it is a creation of man's social needs.
Like all other living creatures we depend on air, water and earth around us, and in the same way society depends upon language for its very existence.

Language and Human Culture:
The basic relation between Language and culture can be summarized in the following:

1. Language and human culture are intimately related and the one is indispensable to the other.
2. At a time, Man's attention has been turning increasingly towards analyzing his culture and it is natural that he attempted to examine in details the means of communication which is essential to his society.

Language is constantly evolving and is subject to growth and change, and then to die, in much the same way as a living

Language and Grammar:
The points discussed in this topic are best classified in the following numbers:

1. Linguists use the term grammar to refer to a subconscious linguistic system of a particular type.
2. A grammar consists of several theoretical components (phonetics; phonology; morphology; syntax; and semantics).
3. That is why it makes possible the production of a phonetically unlimited number of utterances.
4. Because no language can exist without grammar, and no one can use a language without knowledge of its grammar, the study of grammar systems has come to be the focus of contemporary linguistic analysis.
5. Grammatical knowledge which is needed to use and understand language, is acquired without the benefit of construction.
6. Grammar is for the most part subconscious.
7. So, in order to investigate grammar, we cannot simply recall prior training or self consultation.
8. Instead, the study of human linguistic systems requires considerable effort and ingenuity.

As the case in all sciences, information about facts that can be observed (such as the punctuation of words, the interpretatioن n of sciences, and so on) must be used to draw inferences about the sometimes invisible mechanisms (such as atoms, cells, or grammars, as the case may be) that are ultimately responsible for these phenomena

ان شالله عرفتووووووووووووه تكفون ابيه

[ام حمدان]

وعليكم السلام ورحمة الله وبركاته

حياك الله عزيزتي


طيب ايش اسم كتابكم المقرر عليكم في هالمادة حتى نعرف ان كان متوفر له ملخص يطابق المنهج او لا ؟

لانه الي قريته اعلاه لخبطني شوي احس فيه اختلاف عن مادرست بالاضافه اننا درسنا فقط هذه الفصول 2-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-13-14-15-19- فقط

عموما

شوفي لوكتابكم هو نفسه هذا

http://www.skaau.com/vb/attachment.p...6&d=1299369950


فهذه الملخصات بتفيدك لكن طبعا لازم تذاكري من الكتاب اول

http://www.skaau.com/vb/showthread.php?t=385566


هذا يفيدك في الترجمه مع العلم انه شامل فقط للتعاريف والاسئله وحلولها لكل فصول المنهج

http://www.skaau.com/vb/showpost.php...29&postcount=1



موفقه

[دعوه خشوع]

ام احمدان الله يحرم عليك النار نارالدنيا والاخرة الله يسعدك ويوفقك استودعنا الله عملك الله يجعله انيس لك في قبرك