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رهف الاحساس · #1 19-05-2010, 09:02 PM

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Study Guide Grammar 102
Level 2

Unit 5

Verbs plus Gerunds and Infinitives

Some verbs can be followed by a gerund (base form of a verb + -ing).
For example, enjoy, keep, and dislike.

I enjoy talking on my mobile phone.
I don't enjoy talking on my mobile phone.
He keeps using his mobile phone in public.

Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive (to+ base form of the verb).
For example, want, need, ask, agree, and promise.

We want to buy a bag.
I don't want to hear mobile phones ringing.
People need to be more careful.

Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive.
For example, like, love, hate, and prefer.

I like using mobile phones.
I like to use mobile phones.
I love having a mobile phone.
I love to have a mobile phone.

Unit 6

Adverbs and Expressions of Frequency

· Some adverbs of frequency are:
always usually often sometimes rarely never
· Some expressions of frequency are:
every (day, week, month) twice(a week) once in a while
several times (a year) three times (a month)

Use adverbs and expressions of frequency to tell how often someone does something.

I usually help Kate get ready for school.
Her father drives her to school every day.

The verbs used with adverbs and expressions of frequency are usually in the simple present tense.

A nanny always takes care of the children.
He cooks dinner every night.

Adverbs of frequency come after the verb be.

A nanny is usually responsible for household chores.

Adverbs of frequency usually come before other verbs.
Sometimes can also come at the beginning of a sentence.

Nannies sometimes live with a family.

Sometimes nannies live with a family.

Expressions of frequency usually come at the beginning or the end of the sentence.

I pick her up after school every day.
Once in a while, we go to the movies.

Use How often…? In questions about frequency.

How often do you go to the movies?

Level 3

Unit 5

Modals of Ability and Possibility
The modals can and could are followed by the base form of the verb.
I can do that.
Could you hear me?
Can expresses ability in the present.
Can’t is the negative of can.
She can speak English.
He can’t speak French.
Could expresses the ability in the past.
Couldn’t is the negative of could.
Last year I could say a few words in English.
I couldn’t have a conversation in English last year.
Can and could also express possibility in the future.
Next year you can study French.
He could study more next time.

Unit 6

Simple Past Tense
1. Use the simple past tense to about actions, states, and situations in the past that are now finished.
Last week, Rafi went to the beach.
2. To form the simple past with regular verbs, add –d or –ed to the base form of the verb.
He relaxed.
He learned to ride a surfboard.
3. To form the simple past with irregular verbs, use the irregular past tense form.
He took a lot of pictures.
Other irregular verbs:
have had make made
go went eat ate
4. To form a negative, add did not or didn’t before the base form of the verb.
He didn’t buy any souvenirs.

Level 4

Unit 6

Tag Questions

Tag questions are often used to check information or ask for agreement. Tag questions have two parts: a statement and the tag, an added question.

If the verb in the statement is affirmative, the tag is negative.
The verb in the tag is always a contraction.

She is amazing, isn't she?

If the verb in the statement is negative, the tag is affirmative.

She wasn't educated, was she?

The subject of the tag is always a subject pronoun and agrees with the subject of the statement.

Many students are volunteers, aren't they?
John doesn't have to go, does he?

The verb in the tag agrees with the verb in the statement in tense, number, and person.
The verb in the tag is always a form of be or an auxiliary verb like do, have, would, etc.

The test wasn't hard, was it?(main)
You were going to travel last week, weren't you?(auxiliary)
He has fixed many bikes, hasn't he?(auxiliary)
He has many bikes, doesn't he?(main)
You'll help us, won't you?(auxiliary)
John's father helped him, didn't he?(main)

Answer tag questions the same way you answer yes/no questions. You can agree with a tag question or you can answer by giving information.

A: She was very caring, wasn't she?
B: Yes she certainly was.

A: She did volunteer work at the hospital, didn't she?
B: Yes, she did. She visited sick children regularly.

Level 5

Unit 6

Definite and Indefinite Articles with Count and Non-Count Nouns

For Singular Count Nouns

All singular count nouns must be preceded by either an indefinite article [a(n)] or a definite article [the]. You choose a(n) or the depending on the situation.

If you are describing “one of many”, use the indefinite article a(n).

A Muslim is a follower of Islam.

If you are describing “the specific one”, use the definite article the.

Naima is the Muslim who was interviewed in Reading One.

For Plural Count Noun
When the plural count noun does not specify a certain category, no article comes before it.

There are millions of Muslims around the world.

When information given in the sentence limits the plural count noun to a specific category, the definite article the is used.

The Muslims who complete the hajj each year come from many different countries.

For Non-Count Nouns
Non-count nouns are always singular because they cannot be counted. Honesty, knowledge, wisdom, ignorance, information, evidence, research, and advice are examples of non-count nouns.
No article comes before them when a specific reference is not being made. But when it is obvious that a specific reference is being made, the definite article the is used.

Honesty is a virtue.

The honesty of the man is one of his greatest virtues.

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