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لفيل 2

Unit 1
Grammar
Adjective:
Vowels:
A, E, I, O, U
Consonant: B ,c ,d ,f, g ,w , j , k , l , m , n , p , q , r , s , t , v , x , z .
Ex:
A crazy cat.
A beautiful girl.
An old shoe.
1) When an adjective begin with a vowel USE (an) before it.
2) When an adjective start it with consonant (a) before it.
* A nice girl.
3) Adjective can come after (verb be):
* is, am, were, was.
Ex:
- Lemons are yellow.
- The sky is blue.



Unit 2
Grammar
Rule 1:
A consonant + E
EX: Smile
Add (D)
EX: smile + smiled
Erase + Erased
Rule 2:
*One vowel one consonant
EX: Stop / rub
*Double the consonant than add (ed) :
EX: Stop >>>>> Stopped
Rub >>>>> rubbed
Rule 3 :
*Two vowels one consonant
EX: rain / need
*Add (ed) and do not double the consonant:
EX: rain >>>>>> rained / need >>>>>> needed
Rule 4:
Two consonant EX: count _ help
Add ( ed) don't double the consonant
EX: Count >>>>>>> counted
Help >>>>>>> helped
Rule 5:
Consonant + Y
EX: study / carry
Take out ( y) and add ( ied) .
Ex: study >>>>>>study /ied
Carry >>>> > carry / ied
Rule 6 :
Vowel + y
EX: play / Enjoy
Add |( ed) not change ( y) to ( i) .
Ex: play >>>>>> played / Enjoy >>>>> enjoyed

*Do not double (X)
Ex : (Fix + ed = Fixed)
Do not double (w) *
Ex: (snow + ed = Snowed)




Unit 3
Grammar

*Susan's house is bigger than maha's house.
*Susan's house is older than maha's house.
*Susan's house is more expensive than maha's house.

Comparative adjective:
1) When we compare things, people, please, animals
We use: ( Comparative adjective + er + than ) .

EX: Cheap >>>>>>>>> cheaper than
New >>>>>>>>> newer than
Clean >>>>>>>> cleaner than
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2) With one syllable a adjective, we add ( er)
(Comparative adj + er).
EX: Long >>>>>>>> longer.
Old >>>>>>>> older.

*If the adjective ends with
(One vowel and than a consonant)
~ We double the consonant and ( er)
EX: Hot >>>>>> hotter

3) Two syllable adjective that end ( Y) , you take out the (y) and add (ier) + than .
Ex: Happy >>>>>>> happier than
Hungry >>>>>> hungry than

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4) Adjective with two syllables or more, you will be (more)
Or (less) before then.
(More + adj + .....S + than)

Ex: difficult >>>>>>>>> more difficult than.
expensive >>>>>>>> more expensive than.
Beautiful >>>>>>>> Less Beautiful than.

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3) I regular adjective:
The spelling and pronoun citation change.
Ex: Good >>>>>>>> better than
Bad >>>>>>>>> wore than
Far >>>>>>>>> farther than / further than.








Unit 4
Grammar

1) Present progressive:

Past Present future
Ex: 1-We are eating in a restaurant.
2- Rana and rola are ordering some food.

*Present progressive form:
(V.be + V, base Form + ing)
I am + play + ing I am playing

You read + ing you are reading.
We are read + ing we are reading.
They playing +ing they are play.


He sleep + ing he is sleeping.
She is sleep +ing she is sleeping.
It sleep +ing it is sleeping.

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Contractions:
1) I'm not reading the book.
2) They're not /they aren't playing football.
3) He's not / he isn't going to school.

2) Present + progressive negative form =

( V.be + not + V,base form + ing)
Am
Is
Are
Ex: 1- I am not reading the book.
2- He is not going to school today.
3- They are not playing football.

~ Contractions:
1) I'm not reading the book.
2) They're not / they aren't playing football.
3) He's not / He isn't going to school.


3) Present progressive question form =
V. be + Subject + v + ing
Is + she –he –it +read + ing
Am + I + play + ing
Are + we-you- they+ write + ing

EX: Is he playing football?
4) Present progressive form with (WH) question ( Yes / No ) :

WH + V.b + S + base form V1 + ing +

Ex: where is she going?

~ (WH) form:
What thing /where place
When time / who person
Unit 5
Grammar

Expressing Likes and Dislike (Verbs plus grand and infinitive):

1) Some verbs can be followed by a grand
~ (v1+v2+ing )
Ex: They keep using my books.
He enjoys playing football.

Common verbs:
(Like /enjoy/ Dislike)

2) Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive:
~ (v1 + to + v1 )

Ex: We want to go to the beach.
They need to buy food.

*Common verb (want / need / a gee / promise / ask)

3) Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive:

Ex: I like reading stories.
I like to read stories.
I Love swimming.
I Love to swim.

Unit 7
Grammar

Count and Non –count Nouns:
1) Count nouns refer to * people
* Things that can be

*They can be Singular
Plural

Ex: 1. one boy ten boys.

2) Use (a) or (an) before a singular.
- (A) is used before a countable.
Ex: a cat / a blue box

- (An) is used before a vowel.
Ex: an apple / an orange

3) For plural count nouns we add:
(s) or ( es)

*You may use numbers with count nouns.

Ex: They bought seven cups .
He ate three oranges .

4) Non count nouns refer to things that can be counted :
EX : I Like to eat fish .
I drink milk .
* Do not use a –an
S –es with Noun a count.


None a count noun do not have a plural form. *
*Use a quantity word to indict the amount of noun- count nouns.
Ex: A glass of cold water.
A kilo of rice.
A pound of fish.

*Use (some) with: plural count nouns
Non count nouns in affirmative statement

Ex: I bought some oranges .
Have some green tea .

*Use (any) with: plural count nouns
Non -count noun

In question:
1`Negative statement
Ex: Question >>>>> do we have any fruit?

2`Negative: no we don't have any fruits.



Common Non count nouns:
1-Emotiones: anger – healthy – truth
2- Activities : baseball – jogging –teaching
3- food : flour – bread –
4- Gases: air – smoke – steam
5- liquids : blood – tea – water




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Unit 8
Grammar
Can – can't :
Can is >>>> a model
A model >>>>> is a ward that comes before the verb .

(Model + v) Ex: You can look at paintings in the art gallery.
*Model change meaning of verbs in some way.

Use (can) to: Talk about ability (things you are able to do)
Ex: I can swim.
Talk about possibility
Ex: you can't travel to madinah where the weather is cold
Use (can't) to: ~Talk about inability (things you are not able to do )
Ex: My sister can't drink milk
~ Talk about things that are not possible.
Ex: you can't go to school because you are sick.

*Can and can't >>>>>>> comes before the main verb.
_ The main verb is the (base form v1) .
Ex: you can play football later.
I can't travel next week.

Use (can and can't) in: _ question *
_ Short answer

~ In the short answer don't use the main verb.

Ex: can you write a story?
Yes, I can / or No I can't




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Unit 6
Grammar

Adverbs and Expression of frequency:
1.Some adverbs of frequency are always
Usually
Often
Sometime
Rarely
Never
2 . Some express of frequency:
_ Every (day / week /month )
_ Several times (a year )
_ Twice a (week )
_ three time (a month)
_ Once in awhile.

3. Use adverb and expression of frequency to tell; how often someone does something.
Ex: I usually eat launch early she plays football.

4. Verbs that are used with one adverb and expression of frequency are usually ~~ in the (Simple present tense).
Ex: A nanny always takes care of the children.
She writes book every month.

5. Adverbs of frequency come before verb (be) . (Is – am – are)


6. Adverbs of frequency come before other verbs.
Ex: Reem never comes to my house.


*(Sometimes) can also come at the beginning of sentences.
Ex: sometimes they play together.

7. Expression of frequency usually comes at: ~ the beginning
~ Or at the end
Ex: I pike her up after school (every day / once in a
While), we go to the movies .

8. Use (how often ………?) in question about frequency.
Ex: how often do you visit your sister?


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Unit 10
Grammar

Future with (will):

1. Take about general fact about the future :
Ex: they will go to the school tomorrow.

2. Make prediction about the future:
Ex: Linguists predict 90 percent of langue will be extinct in 100 year.

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2/ To form statements with (will) :
*Use (will) + V1 (base form)
Ex: My children will be billing when they graduate from school.
*Use the contraction of ( will ) ( 'll ) .
Ex: she'll be able to buy a new car next year.

Pronouns I , she , he , it , you , we , they .

I, You, We, They
She, he, it ('ll ) = future contractions


*Don’t use contraction, in affirmative short answer.
Ex: will she write her novel?
Yes, she is.
3/ to form a negative statement with (will):
*Use (will not or wont).
Ex: _ they will not visit Sarah tomorrow.
_ She won't play football with reem.

*(Will) contractions in a negative statement:
Will not = will not (wont)
Ex: he won't lose his new book next time.


4/ to form question with (will):


*Yes /no question, use >>>> (will +Subject + base form V1)
Ex: we lose the language

*Wh-question: begin the question with a wh –word .
Ex: when will we learn the language?


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Unit 9
Grammar

Should, ought to, have to:
Should *
*Ought to are model verbs:
*Have to

*Use should and ought 1) to give advice.
2) Or talk about what is right.
Ex: _if you're sick, you should take the medication.
_She isn't happy, you ought to call her.

*Use shouldn't to talk about something that isn't important to do.
Ex: you shouldn't swim you are sick.

Have to
*Use
Has to talk about:
1) Something you must do.
2) Something that is necessary.
Ex: _ she has to sleep early, she is very sick.
_ I have to attend the exam.
*Use (doesn't – have to / don't have to) to talk about:

1) Something that is not necessary.
Ex: you don't have to buy the book if you go tomorrow to college.
She doesn’t have to stay one diet.

*In affirmative and negative statement:
(Should / shouldn't / ought to) are:
~Followed by the base form of the verb
~The model verb and the main verb stay the same for each person.

(Model verb)+ Base form V1
Should
Shouldn't
Ought to
Ex: you should eat healthy food.
They shouldn't play football at night.

*In question: use should to ask for advice.
Ought to is rarely used.

Ex: should I buy this dress?
Why should she sleep in the hospital?

Have to

*Use
Doesn't have to

With: I /you / we / they

Ex: I have to sleep early to tomorrow.

Has to

Use *
Doesn't have to

With: he / she / it

Ex: _ she has to pray five times a day.
_ He doesn’t have to travel tonight

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