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[وردي أحمر]

CH 9

Group: Two or more individuals interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives

Formal Group: a designated work group defined by an organization’s structure.

informal Group: a group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined؛ such a group appears in response to the need for social contact.

Command Group: A group composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manager.

Task Group: people working together to complete a job.

Interest Group: people working together to attain a specific
objective with which each is concerned.

Friendship Group: people brought together because they share one or more common characteristics.

Social identity theory: perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups.

In-group favoritism: perspective in which we see members of our in-group as better than other people, and people not in our group as all same.

Five Stages of Group Development: the five distinct stages groups go through: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

Punctuated-Equilibrium Model: a set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity.

Role: A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit.

Norms: Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members.

Conformity: the adjustment of one’s behavior to align with the norms of the group.

Reference Groups: Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform.

Deviant Workplace Behavior: Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in doing so, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members.

Status: A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.

Status Characteristics Theory: a theory that states that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups.

Social Loafing: The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually

Cohesiveness: the degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group

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